{"id":1172,"date":"2017-07-20T17:51:27","date_gmt":"2017-07-20T08:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/?p=1172"},"modified":"2017-08-28T23:08:37","modified_gmt":"2017-08-28T14:08:37","slug":"%e5%98%89%e7%b4%8d%e6%b2%bb%e4%ba%94%e9%83%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/2017\/07\/20\/%e5%98%89%e7%b4%8d%e6%b2%bb%e4%ba%94%e9%83%8e\/","title":{"rendered":"Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d (K\u014dd\u014dkan J\u016bd\u014d)<\/h5>\n
1860-1938<\/h5>\n

Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d was active in Japan from the end of the Edo period, through the Meiji and Taish\u014d periods, and the early part of the Sh\u014dwa period. To overcome his physical frailties\u2014as an adult he stood at 158cm and 58kg\u2014he took up the study of j\u016bjutsu. Soon after, he modified j\u016bjutsu\u2019s dangerous techniques to make them safer and changed the suffix \u201cjutsu\u201d, meaning \u201ctechnique\u201d, to \u201cd\u014d\u201d, meaning \u201cway\u201d. Then in May 1882 Kan\u014d founded K\u014dd\u014dkan J\u016bd\u014d. Kan\u014d did not only focus on popularizing judo, as the principal of Tokyo Higher Normal School he made great efforts in training instructors and became the first Asian committee member of the International Olympic Committee.<\/p>\n

Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d\u2019s Origin<\/h3>\n

Kan\u014d was born in October 1860 as the third son of Kan\u014d Jir\u014dsaku Mareshiba and Sadako in the Hama Higashi section of Mikage Village in Settsu, Hyogo prefecture. Jir\u014dsaku administered the transportation of goods by ship for the shogunate, and after the restoration of imperial rule in 1868, he worked as an official in the navy in Tokyo. Therefore, Kan\u014d spent his childhood mostly with his mother Sadako. Regarding his mother, Kano later reminisced: \u201cWhen I made a mistake, she would not forgive me until I came to the realisation myself that it was wrong. She always put others before herself.\u201d His mother passed away when Jigor\u014d was nine years old, so he then accompanied his father to Tokyo. After moving to Tokyo, Jigor\u014d first studied at Ubukata Keid\u014d\u2019s private school where he studied subjects such as Chinese classics, Japanese history, and calligraphy. On Ubukata\u2019s recommendation, at the age of 13 he entered a private school in Shiba Karasumori-ch\u014d where he was educated mainly by foreign instructors. Becoming a boarding student, this was the first time after moving to Tokyo that he was separated from his father. Kan\u014d excelled in his studies, but was physically small and was bullied by jealous seniors. He developed an interest in j\u016bjutsu when he heard how its techniques enabled \u201csoftness to overcome strength\u201d.<\/p>\n

Motivation for j\u016bjutsu studies<\/h3>\n

In 1875 at the age of 15, Kan\u014d entered the National Kasei School (now University of Tokyo). There were many young former samurai, and people who were gifted both academically and physically. Being very competitive, Kan\u014d decided that he wanted to be stronger, and so began the search for a j\u016bjutsu teacher. In the period immediately following the Meiji Restoration, Western ideals were being widely endorsed, and the martial arts went into decline. Nevertheless, Kan\u014d found Fukuda Hachinosuke and began to study the Tenjin Shin\u2019y\u014d-ry\u016b style of j\u016bjutsu that focussed on atemi (striking) and gyaku-waza (joint manipulation techniques). He also studied the Kit\u014d-ry\u016b style of j\u016bjutsu which employed nage-waza (throwing techniques) against opponents wearing armour. From this, Kan\u014d could sense the differences between the techniques of the different schools.
\n After Kan\u014d continued training in j\u016bjutsu for some time, he felt that not only was his body getting stronger, but he was also benefitting intellectually and morally. He wanted to share this experience with other people, so he set about transforming j\u016bjutsu and its dangerous techniques such as atemi and gyaku-waza into something safer so that anyone could study them in randori. In 1915, Kan\u014d stated that the aim of j\u016bd\u014d was \u201cthe perfection of oneself for the betterment of society\u201d, and explained that even though one aims to perfect the self, the purpose is for enhancing society at large. He was continuing the spirit of what his mother taught him in his early years: put others before yourself. <\/p>\n

Kan\u014d\u2019s development of randori<\/h3>\n

In the training methods of the many different schools of j\u016bjutsu, the order in which techniques were practised was decided beforehand in forms known as kata. However, the Tenjin Shin\u2019y\u014d-ry\u016b and Kit\u014d-ry\u016b styles of j\u016bjutsu that Kan\u014d studied utilised free sparring called randori. Especially in the Kit\u014d-ry\u016b, in which j\u016bjutsu was practised under the pretence of wearing armour, the importance of the natural standing position \u201chontai (true body)\u201d\u2014later known as \u201cshizen hontai\u201d (natural true body)\u2014was stressed. This is where one\u2019s posture did not break forwards or backwards, or to the left or right. Furthermore, atemi-waza was not effective when wearing armour so nage-waza was central in the Kit\u014d-ry\u016b. Also, if the technique of the \u201ctori-kata (person executing the technique)\u201d was not effective during kata practice, the uke-kata (person receiving the technique) does not have to yield; or if the tori-kata is not very strong the uke-kata could attack. This type of training originated in \u201cnokoriai\u201d which was then developed into randori. In 1885, during randori with Kit\u014d-ry\u016b master Iikubo Tsunetoshi, Kan\u014d discovered that in order to execute a technique, you first need to unbalance your opponent. He then proceeded to teach practitioners the principles of \u201ckuzushi\u201d, \u201ctsukuri\u201d, and \u201ckake\u201d, which are off-balancing the uke-kata, preparing a technique, and execution of the technique.
\n J\u016bjutsu training attire traditionally consisted of a top and trousers with short sleeves and legs. In 1886, Kano made the sleeves of the top longer, and to avoid injury, practitioners would grip the sleeves to make throws like tai-otoshi (hip drop) and seoi-nage (back throw), and other types of te-waza (hand techniques). Kan\u014d worked tirelessly to popularise j\u016bd\u014d, and in 1900 he created the \u201cRefereeing Regulations for J\u016bd\u014d Competitions\u201d which stated that in order to score an ippon (point), the opponent must be thrown with \u201cmomentum\u201d in a way so that they land \u201cface-up\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kan\u014d\u2019s learning and j\u016bd\u014d ideology<\/h3>\n

Let us examine Kan\u014d\u2019s thoughts on learning. From the age of five he studied the \u201cFour Books and Five Classics\u201d under the Confucian scholar Yamamoto Chikuun. From the age of 11, he studied Japanese history and Nihon Gaishi from Ubukata Keid\u014d. In 1877, he was admitted to the University of Tokyo\u2019s Faculty of Literature where he studied history, philosophy, and political science. He also studied Chinese literature and philosophy, and moral education in the bachelor program. It can be said that Kano\u2019s mindset was greatly influenced by Confucianism. On the other hand, however, from his second year of university he was taught political science and economics by the American Ernest Fenollosa, and learned the utilitarian ideology of making the most effective use of one\u2019s abilities for your own benefit as well as that of others.
\n When Kan\u014d founded the K\u014dd\u014dkan, he elevated the ideal of j\u016bd\u014d as \u201cphysical education, as a contest, and for cultivation of the mind\u201d. He explained that with \u201ccultivation of the mind\u201d, the practitioner learns self-control and decorum. It is through this that the influence of Confucianism is apparent. Furthermore, as a principle of j\u016bd\u014d, he advocated the j\u016bjutsu principle of \u201cj\u016b no ri (principle of softness)\u201d, meaning \u201cadapt to the power of the opponent; and utilise that strength to attain victory\u201d. Kan\u014d also devised a new principle in which \u201cthe power of the body and the mind are used in the most efficient manner\u201d. To this end, j\u016bd\u014d makes use of both physical and mental strength, but the influence of Western utilitarianism is also evident. This was expressed by his maxim seiryoku zen\u2019y\u014d, or \u201cmaximum efficient use of energy\u201d. Kan\u014d also observed the state of education in foreign countries, and he deepened his friendship with Ferdinand Buisson who advocated the separation of religion from moral education in France. In his later years, Kan\u014d also became the chairman of the D\u014dtoku Ky\u014dkai (Association of Moral Education), and devised another popular maxim jita-ky\u014dei, meaning \u201cmutual prosperity for self and others\u201d. Kan\u014d was aged 62 when he announced the principles of seiryoku zen\u2019y\u014d and jita ky\u014dei in 1922.<\/p>\n

Father of education, father of physical education<\/h3>\n

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Drawn by Pinter Peter<\/p><\/div>
\nWhen he was a young man, Kan\u014d contemplated becoming prime minister, or even a multimillionaire. He concluded that the way to become a shining example of a man living life with no regrets is through education. He therefore chose to be an educator. First, he lectured on politics and economics at Gakushuuin. Before long, he moved to the Tokyo Higher Normal School, an institution for training teachers, and spent 23 years in charge of the school. They sought to nurture teachers who believed that education was their calling, and gathered great scholars from around the world to cultivate confidence and self-reliance in students who would become future teachers. Kan\u014d thought that sports and bud\u014d facilitated a healthy body and good morality, so he encouraged students to practise judo and kendo together with sports such as athletics, football, and tennis.
\n In addition, at the request of Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, Kan\u014d became the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee. The Japan Sports Association was founded to select competitors for the Olympic Games in 1911, and Kano was appointed as the first chairman. Japan participated for the first time in the 1912 Olympic Games. 1940 would have been the 2,600th anniversary of the founding of Japan, and was scheduled to coincide with the 12th Olympic Games. Kan\u014d made great efforts to bring the games to Tokyo. He succeeded, but passed away at the age of 78 aboard the Hikawa-Maru on his way back to Japan. Kan\u014d was a pioneer in the field of teacher training, and was also an important international physical educator.<\/p>\n

Author: Yoshiaki Todo<\/h5>\n

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Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d (K\u014dd\u014dkan J\u016bd\u014d) 1860-1938 Kan\u014d Jigor\u014d was active in Japan from the end of the Edo period, through t… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1176,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-budogreats"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1172"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1235,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1172\/revisions\/1235"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/budo-world.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}